NCERT Solutions | Class 12 Geography (Fundamentals of Human Geography) Chapter 10 | Human Settlements
CBSE Solutions | Geography Class 12
Check the below NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography (Fundamentals of Human Geography) Chapter 10 Human Settlements Pdf free download. NCERT Solutions Class 12 Geography were prepared based on the latest exam pattern. We have Provided Human Settlements Class 12 Geography NCERT Solutions to help students understand the concept very well.
NCERT | Class 12 Geography (Fundamentals of Human Geography)
| Book: | National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) |
|---|---|
| Board: | Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) |
| Class: | 12 |
| Subject: | Geography |
| Chapter: | 10 |
| Chapters Name: | Human Settlements |
| Medium: | English |
Human Settlements | Class 12 Geography | NCERT Books Solutions
Class 12 Geography Chapter 10 Important Extra Questions Human Settlements
Human Settlements Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type
Question 1.
Answer:
A village, a town and a city.Question 2.
Answer:
Rural and Urban.Question 3.
Answer:
Upto 5000 persons.Question 4.
Answer:
Agriculture.Question 5.
Answer:
Along roads.Question 6.
Answer:
400 persons per sq km.Question 7.
Answer:
New Delhi.Question 8.
Answer:
438.Question 9.
Answer:
100 lakh.Question 10.
Answer:
Tokyo.Question 11.
Answer:
An area around an urban town.Question 12.
Answer:
Water based settlements around rivers, lakes, springs, etc.Question 13.
Answer:
Settlements on river terraces and levees are called dry point settlements.Question 14.
Answer:
(i) along a road(ii) along a railway line
(iii) along a river
(iv) along a canal
(v) along a levee.
Question 15.
Or
Which form of rural settlement pattern develops along roads railway lines, rivers and canals in the world?
Answer:
(i) Around Lakes(ii) Around Tanks.
Question 16.
Answer:
At Tri-Junctions of roads (T).Question 17.
Answer:
London in 1810.Question 18.
Answer:
52.6 percent.Question 19.
Answer:
5000 persons.Question 20.
Answer:
Jerusalem, Macca, Puri and Varanasi.Question 21.
Answer:
Capital of Ethiopia. It was established in 1878.Question 22.
Answer:
Canberra is the capital of Australia established in 1912.Human Settlements Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type
Question 1.
Answer:
On the basis of population size, a village is different from a town. But the basic difference between towns and villages is that in towns the main occupation of the people is related to secondary and tertiary sectors, while in villages, most of the people are engaged in primary occupations.Question 2.
Answer:
Smaller towns around the congested towns are called suburbs. People move away from the congested area to cleaner areas outside the city in search of a better quality of living.Question 3.
Answer:
(i) In Loess areas of China, cave dwellings were important.(ii) In Africa, Savanna mud bricks were used as building material.
(iii) In polar regions, Eskimos used ice blocks to construct Igloos.
Question 4.
Answer:
Planned settlements constructed by government by providing shelter water and infrastructure are called canal colonies built along the banks of canals. In India Indira Gandhi Canal Command area has such colonies.Question 5.
Answer:
- The way houses are sited in relation to each other.
- The site of the villages.
- The surrounding topography.
- The terrain.
- Shape and size of a village.
Question 6.
Or
Which are the two major types of settlements according to their shape found in the world?
Answer:
- Linear
- Rectangular
- Circular
- Star-like
- T-shaped
- Double villages
- Cross-shaped villages.
Question 7.
Answer:
The earliest towns were centres of administration, trade, industry, defence and religious importance. Now towns perform multiple functions as recreational, residential, transport, mining, manufacturing and information technologies.Question 8.
Answer:
A town should satisfy the given ahead criteria :- It should have a municipal or corporation or cantonment board or a notified town area committee.
- A minimum population of 5000 persons.
- 75% people engaged in Non-agricultural activities.
- A density of at least 400 persons per sq. km.
Question 9.
Or
Explain any three points of distinction between ‘Hamleted rural settlements’ and ‘Dispersed rural settlement of India.
Answer:
Settlements may be classified by their shape, pattern types :1. Compact Settlements (Nucleated settlements). In these settlements, houses are built in close vicinity to each other. Initially, it may begin as a small hamlet at the intersection of two footpaths or near a water body. As new households are added, the hamlet expands in size.
Such settlements are commonly seen in river valleys and fertile plains. The houses are closely spaced and streets are narrow. Socially, the people are closely knit and share common occupations.
2. Dispersed Settlements (Scattered settlements). In these, houses are spaced apart. These are generally, found over hills, plateaus and highlands. They consist of one or two dwelling units knitted together in a common bond by a cultural feature such as a church, a mosque or a temple.
In Africa, scattered settlements of this kind are common. In India such settlements are found in hilly terrain such as northern Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and northern West Bengal. Isolated hamlets are found in mountainous regions of China.
Question 10.
Answer:
Generally rural settlements are located near water bodies, such as rivers, lake and springs. These are called wet points settlements. Despite some disadvantages, people settle around islands and swampy areas.Advantages
- They meet the need of water of the people.
- Water for drinking, cooking and washing is obtained.
- Rivers and lakes irrigated farms.
- Fishing is practised in water bodies.
- Rivers and lakes can be used for water transportation.
Question 11.
Answer:
Towns and cities of developed and developing countries reflect marked differences in planning and development. While most cities in developed countries are planned, most urban settlements of developing countries have grown haphazardly with irregular shapes. For example, Chandigarh and Canberra are planned cities, while smallest town in India have grown haphazardly from walled cities to large towns.Question 12.
(i) Identify and name the pattern of rural settlement shown in the diagram.
Answer:
Circular pattern.(ii) Explain any two characteristics of this type of pattern of rural settlement.
Answer:
Circular pattern develop around lakes, tanks and sometimes the village is planned in such a way that the central part remains open and is used for keeping the animals to protect from wild animals.Or
Study the given diagram carefully and answer the questions that follow.
(i) Identify and name the pattern of rural settlement shown in the diagram.
Answer:
Star like pattern.(ii) Explain any two characteristics of this type of rural settlement.
Answer:
Where several roads converge, star shaped settlements develop by the houses built along the roads.Question 13.
Or
Explain the nature of rural settlements. Describe any four problems related to rural settlements of the world.
Answer:
Rural settlements in the developing countries are large in number and poorly equipped with infrastructure. They represent a great challenge and opportunity for planners.- Supply of water to rural settlements in developing countries is not adequate
- People in villages, particularly in mountainous and arid areas have to walk long distances to fetch drinking water.
- Water borne diseases tend to be a common problem
- Diseases like cholera and jaundice are common
- The countries of South Asia face conditions of drought and flood very often
- Crop cultivation sequences, in the absence of irrigation, also suffer.
Question 14.
Answer:
WHO suggests that among other things a healthy city must have :(i) A clean and safe environment.
(ii) Meets the basic needs of all its inhabitants.
(iii) Involves the community in local government.
(iv) Provides easily accessible health services.
Question 15.
Answer:
1. Administrative Towns. Headquarters of the administrative departments of central government such as New Delhi, Canberra, Moscow, Beijing, Addis Ababa, Washington D.C., Paris and London are National Capitals. Jaipur, Bhopal, Patna and Bengaluru in India are examples of administrative headquarters of states.2. Cultural Towns. Cultural towns are either religious, educational or recreational towns. Jerusalem, Mecca, Ayodhya, Hardwar, Madurai and Varanasi have religious importance, hence, they are called religious
towns. Some places are known for educational institutions e.g. Varanasi.
Question 16.
Answer:
Squatter settlement is a residential area built on vacant land in an urban locality by the very poor. These suffer from pollution such as Jhuggi-jhopri in India. Slums are residential areas in which satisfactory family life is impossible. It has bad housing, and inadequate light, air and toilet facilities. Dharavi (Mumbai) in India is Asia’s largest slum.Question 17.
| Continent | Early 1950 | Mid 1970s | Mid 2000 |
| Europe | 23 | 30 | 58 |
| Asia | 32 | 69 | 206 |
| North and Cental America | 16 | 36 | 79 |
| South America | 8 | 17 | 43 |
| Africa | 3 | 8 | 46 |
| Australia | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| World Total | 2 | 2 | 6 |
(10.1) Name the two continents which have shown the highest growth rate of million cities from 1950 to 2000.
Answer:
Asia, Africa.(10.2) What could have been the reason for such a growth in million cities?
Answer:
Migration of population from rural areas to urban towns.(10.3) Give the meaning of a million city.
Answer:
Million city means a town with a population of one million.Human Settlements Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type
Question 1.
Or
Explain factors which affect the location of rural settlements in the world.
Answer:
Rural settlements Sitting factors of rural settlements(i) Water Supply. Usually settlements are located near rivers, lakes and springs w’here water can be easily obtained. Sometimes the need for water drives people to settle in otherwise disadvantaged sites such as islands surrounded by swamps or low lying river banks.
Most water based on “wet point’, settlements have many advantages such as drinking water, cooking, washing- rivers and lakes can be used to irrigate farm land-water contains fish which can be caught for diet and navigable rivers and lakes can be used for transportation.
(ii) Land. Farmers choose to settle near fertile lands suitable for agricultures. In Europe, villages grew up near rolling country avoiding swampy, low lying land while people in South East Asia chose to live near low lying river valleys and coastal plains suited for wet rice cultivation.
(iii) Up Land. Up land which is not prone to flooding was chosen to prevent damage to houses and loss of life. Thus in low lying river basins people chose to settle on terraces and levees which are “dry points”. In tropical countries people build their houses on stills near marshy lands to protect themselves from flood insects and animal pests.
(iv) Shelter. The availability of building materials: woods, stone near settlements is another advantage. Most early villages were built in forest clearings where wood was plentiful. In loess areas of China cave dwellings were important and African Savanna’s building materials were mud bricks and the Eskimos, in polar regions, use ice blocks to construct igloos.
(v) Defence. During the times of political instability, war, hostility of neighbouring groups villages were built on defensive hills and islands. In Nigeria, upstanding inselbergs formed good defensive sites. In India most of the forts are located on higher grounds or hills.
(vi) Planned Settlements. Sites that are not spontaneously chosen by villagers themselves planned settlements are constructed by governments by providing water, food and shelter in uninhabited areas.
Question 2.
Answer:
Rural Settlement Patterns. Patterns of Rural Settlements can be defined as the relationship between one house or building to another. The site of the village, the surrounding topography and terrain influence the shape and size of a village. Rural settlements may be broadly classified into :(i) On the basis of setting. The main types are plain villages, plateau villages, coastal villages, forest villages and desert villages.
(ii) On the basis of functions. There may be farming villages, fishermen’s villages, Lumber-jack villages, Pastoral villages, etc.
(iii) On the basis of forms or shapes of the settlements. There may be a number of geometrical forms and shapes such as linear, rectangular, circular, star-like, T-shaped village, double village cross-shaped village.
(a) Linear patterns. In such settlements, houses are located along a road, railway line, river, canal edge of a valley or along a levee.
(b) Rectangular patterns. Such patterns of rural settlements are found in the plain areas or wide inter
montane valleys. The roads are rectangular and cut each other at right angles.
(c) Circular pattern. Circular villages develop around lakes, tanks and sometimes the village is planned in such a way that the central part remains open and is used for keeping the animals to protect them from wild animals.
(d) Star-like pattern. Where several roads converge, star-shaped settlements develop by the houses built along the roads.
(e) T-shaped, Y-shaped, Cross-shaped or cruciform settlements. T-shaped settlements develop at tri-junctions of the roads (T) while Y-shaped settlements emerge at the places where two roads converge on the third one and houses are built along these roads. Cruciform settlements develop on the crossroads and houses extend in all the four directions.
(f) Double village. These settlements extend on both sides of a river, where there is a bridge or a ferry.
Question 3.
Answer:
Functions and development of a town depends upon its size and site. Towns are classified according to their dominant function. Some towns are commercially important, while in other towns, administration, defence or culture are dominant.1. Administrative Towns. Public Administration is the major function of such towns. These include capitals of countries and states. These towns have offices, govt, buildings, courts and head offices of many organisations. London, Delhi, Islamabad, Chandigarh are some examples.
2. Defensive Towns. These are towns noted for armies, air force, naval force for the defence of the country. Such towns have barracks and training facilities for armed forces. Jalandhar, Jodhpur and Jammu are some examples of such towns.
3. Cultural Towns. Towns based on the major function of education, religion, culture and art are classified as cultural towns such as :
(a) Educational centres. Most of the educational centres develop on the outskirts of the towns. Such towns have a complex of university, colleges, libraries, hostels, playgrounds and shopping centres. Shanti Niketan, Oxford, Aligarh are educational towns.
(b) Entertainment centres. These towns provide the facilities of entertainment or recreation like theatres, film-making, cultural functions. Hollywood, Stratford are such towns.
(c) Religious centres. Some towns develop as seats of religious leaders of different religions, such as Rome, Lhasa, Varanasi, Amritsar.
4. Collection Towns. In collection centres, raw materials are collected before sending these to factories.
(a) Mining towns. Such towns are based on minerals or fuels like gold, copper, iron, coal and oil, such as Raniganj, Kolar Kalgoorlie,
(b) Fishing ports. Such coastal towns have the facilities of landing, storing, packing and exporting the fish. Halifax, Cochi, Calicut are good examples.
(c) Lumbering towns. Lumbering towns are collecting centres for logs. They have saw mills, pulp plants and paper mills, such as Kathgodam, Nepanagar.
5. Production Centres. Production centres are based on manufacturing activity. These towns have warehouses, godowns, banks and transport networks. Steel centres such as Birmingham, Jamshed Pur are known as ‘Black country’ due to furnaces, but Tokyo, Manchester are neat and clean due to textiles.
6. Distribution Centres. Commercial towns distributing manufactured goods are known as Distribution Centres.
(a) Market towns. These towns consist of banks, stock exchanges, shops, stores and commercial organisations, such as Meerut, Hapur, Moga
.
(b) Port towns. Sea-ports are important for port facilities, docks, warehouses and functions of import, export and international trade such as Tokyo, Mumbai, London, etc.
(c) Financial towns. Such towns have facilities of trade, finance and consist of stock markets, auction rooms, banks, travel agencies. Frankfurt (Germany), Zurich (Switzerland) are good examples.
7. Resorts. Some resort towns develop due to facilities for tourists along sea coast, on the mountains or by the side of an attractive scenery and health giving waters. Srinagar, Shimla, Darjeeling are good examples of such tourist resorts.
Question 4.
Answer:
Types of Urban Settlements. Depending on the size, services available and functions rendered, urban centres are designated as town, city, million city, conurbation, megalopolis.(i) Town. The concept of ‘town’ can best be understood with reference to‘ village.’ Population size is not the only criterion. Functional contrasts between towns and villages may not always be clear-cut, but specific functions such as manufacturing, retail and wholesale trade and professional services exist in towns.
(ii) City. A city may be regarded as a leading town, which has outstripped its local or regional rivals. In the words of Lewis Mumford, “the city is in fact the physical form of the highest and most complex types of associative life. ” Cities are much larger than towns and have a greater number of economic functions. They tend to have transport terminal, major financial institutions and regional administrative offices.
(iii) Million City. When the population crosses the one million mark it is designated as a million city.
(iv) Conurbation. The term conurbation was coined by Patrick Geddes in 1915 and applied to a large area of urban development that resulted from the merging of originally separate towns or cities. Greater London, Manchester, Chicago and Tokyo are examples.
(v) Megalopolis. This Greek word meaning “great city”, was popularised by Jean Gottman (1957) and signifies ‘super-metropolitan’region extending, as union of conurbations. The urban landscape stretching from Boston in north to south of Washington in USA is the best known example of a megalopolis.
(vi) Million Cities. The number of million cities in the world has been increasing as never before. The earliest of these was probably in China. London reached that figure in 1800, followed by Paris in 1850, New York in 1860 and by 1950 there were around 80 such cities. The rate of increase in the number of mega cities has been three fold in every three decades around 160 in 1975 to around 438 in 2005.
The Continent-wise Distribution of Million Cities (vii) Mega Cities. A mega city or megalopolis is a general term for cities together with their sub-urbs with a population in excess of 10 million people. New York was the first to attain the status of a mega city by 1950 Mega Cities of the World (According to 2012 data) Question 1. Answer:
Continent
Early 1956
Mid 1970
Mid 2000
Europe
23
30
58
Asia (India)
32
69
206 (43)
N. & C. America
16
36
79
South America
8
17
43
Africa
3
8
46
Australia
2
2 –
06
World Total
84
162
438
with a total population of about 12.5 million. The number of mega cities is now 25. The number of mega cities has increased in developing countries during the last 50 years vis-a-vis the developed countries.
S. No.
Name of the City
Country
Population
1.
Tokyo
Japan
37,126,000
2.
Jakarta
Indonesia
26.063,000
3.
Seoul
South Korea
22,547,000
4.
Delhi NCR
India
22,242,000
5.
Manila
Philippines
21.951,000
6.
Shanghai
China
‘ 20,860,000
7.
New York
USA
20,464,000
8.
Sao Paulo
Brazil
20,186,000
9.
Mexico City
Mexico
19,463.000
10.
Cairo
Egypt
17,816,000
11.
Beijing
China
17,311,000
12.
Osaka – Kyoto
Japan
17,011,000
13.
Mumbai
India
16,910,000
14.
Guangzhou
China
16,827,000
15.
Moscow
Russia
15,512,000
16.
Dhaka
Bangladesh
15,414,000
17.
Los Angels
USA
14,900,000
18.
Kolkata
India
14,374,000
19.
Karachi
Pakistan
14,198,000
20.
Buenos Aires
Argentina
13,639,000
21.
Istanbul
Turkey
13,576,000
22.
Rio-de-Janeiro
Brazil
12,043.000
23.
Shenzhen
China
11,885,000
24.
Lagos
Nigeria
11,547,000
25.
Paris
France
10,755,000
26.
Nagoya
Japan
10,027,000
Human Settlements Important Extra Questions HOTS
- For the urban population increasing shelter.
- UNDP has outlined provisions of the basic urban services for example education facilities.
Primary health care facilities, sanitation and clean water facilities. - For the basic services UNDP improve women’s access.
- UNDP has outlined priorities for upgrading energy use and also for the alternative transportation.
- To provide clean and safe environment and reduction of air pollution, etc.
NCERT Class 12 Geography (Fundamentals of Human Geography)
Class 12 Geography Chapters | Geography Class 12 Chapter 10
Class 12 Geography NCERT Solutions: Fundamentals of Human Geography
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography: Fundamentals of Human Geography
-
NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 1 Human Geography (Nature and Scope)
NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 The World Population (Distribution, Density and Growth)
NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 3 Population Composition
NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 4 Human Development
NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Primary Activities
NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Secondary Activities
NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 Tertiary and Quaternary Activities
NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 Transport and Communication
NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 9 International Trade
NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 10 Human Settlements
Class 12 Geography NCERT Solutions: India People and Economy
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography: India People and Economy
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NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 1 Population: Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition
NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Migration: Types, Causes and Consequences
NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 3 Human Development
NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 4 Human Settlements
NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Land Resources and Agriculture
NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Water Resources
NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 Mineral and Energy Resources
NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 Manufacturing Industries
NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 9 Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 10 Transport And Communication
NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 11 International Trade
NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 12 Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems
Practical Work in Geography Class 12 Solutions
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography: Practical Work in Geography
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NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 1 Data – Its Source and Compilation
NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Data Processing
NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 3 Graphical Representation of Data
NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 4 Use of Computer in Data Processing and Mapping
NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Field Surveys
NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Spatial Information Technology
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